Words / R / General

ruminate

/ˈruːmɪneɪt/

B2CEFR level
45/100Rarity: uncommon
NeutralRegister

General verb

To turn a matter over repeatedly in the mind.

He ruminated for weeks over whether to leave the firm he had built.

Similar: mull, ponder, brood

Origin: From Latin ruminari 'to chew the cud', from rumen 'throat'.

Topic: thinking in General English

Medicine verb

To dwell repetitively and unproductively on distressing thoughts or worries.

He tended to ruminate about past mistakes for hours before he could fall asleep.

Similar: brood, dwell on

Topic: Advanced English in Medical English

Rarity runs from 0 (a word everyone knows) to 100 (almost never seen outside specialist or literary writing). Level is the word's real difficulty on the CEFR scale, from A1 to C2.

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More general words: thinking