{"medical":[{"w":"adjuvant","p":"adj","i":"ˈædʒʊvənt","d":"Describing treatment given after primary therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence.","e":"Adjuvant endocrine therapy for five years markedly lowers relapse in hormone-sensitive breast cancer.","t":"Oncology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"aphasia","p":"n","i":"","d":"A loss or impairment of the ability to understand or produce language, usually due to brain damage.","e":"Following the stroke he developed expressive aphasia and struggled to find his words.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"bolus","p":"n","i":"ˈbəʊləs","d":"A single, relatively large volume of feed or fluid given over a short period, or a rounded mass of chewed food.","e":"Rather than a continuous infusion, she tolerated her feed better as a bolus given four times a day.","t":"Dietetics & nutrition","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"de-escalate","p":"v","i":"diːˈeskəleɪt","d":"To reduce the intensity of a tense or agitated situation through calm communication.","e":"Lowering my voice and acknowledging his frustration helped de-escalate the confrontation at the desk.","t":"Patient-facing communication","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"prophylactic","p":"adj","i":"ˌprɒfɪˈlæktɪk","d":"Intended to prevent disease or an unwanted outcome rather than to treat it.","e":"We're offering this on a prophylactic basis to reduce the chance of infection.","t":"Consent & explaining","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"prophylaxis","p":"n","i":"ˌprɒfɪˈlæksɪs","d":"Preventive treatment, particularly the professional cleaning carried out to prevent dental disease.","e":"Regular prophylaxis together with good home care is the best way to keep your gums healthy.","t":"Dentistry","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"tachycardia","p":"n","i":"ˌtækɪˈkɑːdɪə","d":"An abnormally rapid heart rate, exceeding a hundred beats per minute in an adult at rest.","e":"Unexplained tachycardia under anaesthesia should prompt consideration of light anaesthesia, hypovolaemia or hypercarbia.","t":"Anaesthesia","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"exacerbating","p":"adj","i":"ɪɡˈzasəbeɪtɪŋ","d":"Describing a factor that makes a symptom worse.","e":"Movement was the main exacerbating factor for her joint pain.","t":"Assessment & examination","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"febrile","p":"adj","i":"ˈfiːbraɪl","d":"Having or relating to a fever.","e":"The child was febrile and flushed at the time of assessment.","t":"Assessment & examination","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"rigors","p":"n","i":"ˈrɪɡəz","d":"Episodes of violent, uncontrollable shivering that accompany a rapidly rising fever, often signalling bacteraemia.","e":"She described drenching sweats and rigors, which heightened our suspicion of a bloodstream infection.","t":"Infectious disease","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"sectioned","p":"adj","i":"","d":"Detained in hospital for assessment or treatment under the Mental Health Act against one's will.","e":"Because he was too unwell to consent and at clear risk, he was sectioned for assessment.","t":"Advanced English","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"anaphylactic","p":"adj","i":"ˌænəfɪˈlæktɪk","d":"Relating to a severe, rapidly developing allergic reaction that can threaten the airway and circulation.","e":"The swelling lips and wheeze suggested an anaphylactic reaction to the insect sting.","t":"Paramedic & emergency","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"angiography","p":"n","i":"ˌandʒɪˈɒɡrəfi","d":"The imaging of blood vessels after injection of a radio-opaque contrast agent.","e":"Coronary angiography localised a critical stenosis in the left anterior descending artery.","t":"Cardiology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"ataxia","p":"n","i":"","d":"A lack of muscle coordination that affects gait, balance and fine movements.","e":"His broad-based, unsteady gait and past-pointing were signs of cerebellar ataxia.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"blunted","p":"adj","i":"ˈblʌntɪd","d":"Describing an emotional response that is noticeably reduced in intensity or range.","e":"The patient's emotional reactions appeared blunted, with only minimal response to good or bad news.","t":"Mental health nursing","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"concordance","p":"n","i":"kənˈkɔːdəns","d":"Agreement between records, findings or between clinician and patient on a plan.","e":"Check the concordance between the chart and the electronic record before you sign off.","t":"Clinical handover","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"encephalopathy","p":"n","i":"ɛnˌsɛfəˈlɒpəθi","d":"Diffuse brain dysfunction; in hepatic disease it results from the accumulation of nitrogenous toxins such as ammonia.","e":"Hepatic encephalopathy improved after lactulose reduced the colonic production of ammonia.","t":"Gastroenterology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"intubation","p":"n","i":"ˌɪntjʊˈbeɪʃən","d":"The insertion of a tube into the trachea to secure and maintain a patent airway and permit ventilation.","e":"Difficult intubation was anticipated because of the patient's limited mouth opening and receding mandible.","t":"Anaesthesia","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"pancreatitis","p":"n","i":"","d":"Inflammation of the pancreas, most often triggered by gallstones or alcohol, causing severe upper abdominal pain.","e":"His serum amylase was markedly raised, confirming acute pancreatitis.","t":"Gastroenterology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"perfusion","p":"n","i":"pəˈfjuːʒən","d":"The passage of blood through the tissues, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells.","e":"Cool, mottled skin suggested that peripheral perfusion was already compromised.","t":"Paramedic & emergency","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"secondaries","p":"n","i":"","d":"Deposits of cancer that have spread from the primary site to other parts of the body.","e":"He was admitted with bone pain from widespread secondaries.","t":"Oncology","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"endoscopy","p":"n","i":"","d":"A procedure using a flexible camera to inspect the inside of the gut, most often the upper digestive tract.","e":"The upper endoscopy identified the ulcer and allowed us to take biopsies for H. pylori.","t":"Gastroenterology","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"hypertrophy","p":"n","i":"hʌɪˈpəːtrəfi","d":"An increase in tissue mass due to enlargement of its constituent cells.","e":"Long-standing hypertension had driven concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle.","t":"Cardiology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"candour","p":"n","i":"ˈkændə","d":"The quality of being open, honest, and straightforward in what one says.","e":"Professional duty of candour means we tell patients honestly when something has gone wrong.","t":"Patient-facing communication","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"contusion","p":"n","i":"kənˈtjuːʒən","d":"A bruise caused by a blow that damages small vessels without breaking the skin.","e":"There was extensive contusion across the chest where the seatbelt had restrained him.","t":"Paramedic & emergency","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"eclampsia","p":"n","i":"","d":"The onset of seizures in a woman with pre-eclampsia, constituting an obstetric emergency.","e":"Magnesium sulphate is the first-line treatment to control seizures in eclampsia.","t":"Maternity","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"embolism","p":"n","i":"","d":"The blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or other material that has travelled from elsewhere in the body.","e":"The clot in her leg broke off and caused a pulmonary embolism.","t":"Cardiology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"encephalitis","p":"n","i":"","d":"Inflammation of the brain tissue itself, most often viral, which can cause confusion, seizures and reduced consciousness.","e":"The altered behaviour and seizures with fever prompted treatment for viral encephalitis.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"retinopathy","p":"n","i":"ˌrɛtɪˈnɒpəθɪ","d":"Damage to the retina, most commonly a microvascular complication of diabetes.","e":"Annual fundal screening detects proliferative retinopathy before irreversible visual loss occurs.","t":"Endocrine & diabetes","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"supine","p":"adj","i":"ˈsuːpaɪn","d":"Lying on the back with the face upward.","e":"We laid the patient supine on the trolley before starting our primary survey.","t":"Paramedic & emergency","x":["OET"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"contraindicated","p":"adj","i":"ˌkɒntrəˈɪndɪkeɪtɪd","d":"Inadvisable or unsafe because of a particular condition or circumstance.","e":"This intervention is contraindicated if you are taking an anticoagulant.","t":"Consent & explaining","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"effusion","p":"n","i":"ɪˈfjuːʒən","d":"An abnormal collection of fluid within a joint or body cavity.","e":"A large effusion in the knee limited flexion and gave the joint a full, tense feel.","t":"Physiotherapy","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"resection","p":"n","i":"rɪˈsekʃən","d":"The surgical excision of part or all of an organ or tumour.","e":"Complete resection with clear margins offered the patient the best chance of cure.","t":"Oncology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"safety-netting","p":"n","i":"ˈseɪfti netɪŋ","d":"Giving the patient clear advice on what warning signs to watch for and when to seek further help if things worsen.","e":"I finished with some safety-netting: if the fever climbs or you develop a rash, come straight back or ring 111.","t":"Clinical consultation","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"stenosis","p":"n","i":"stɪˈnəʊsɪs","d":"An abnormal narrowing of a valve orifice or of a blood vessel.","e":"Severe aortic stenosis produced an ejection-systolic murmur radiating to the carotids.","t":"Cardiology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"analgesia","p":"n","i":"ˌænəlˈdʒiːzɪə","d":"The relief or absence of pain without necessarily impairing consciousness or other sensory modalities.","e":"Multimodal analgesia combining paracetamol, an NSAID and a regional block minimised the need for postoperative opioids.","t":"Anaesthesia","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"contemporaneous","p":"adj","i":"kənˌtɛmpəˈreɪniəs","d":"Of record-keeping, made at the time of, or as soon as possible after, the events described.","e":"Nursing notes must be contemporaneous, so I documented the incident immediately.","t":"Nursing","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"hyperthermia","p":"n","i":"ˌhaɪpəˈθɜːmɪə","d":"An abnormally elevated body temperature, which in its malignant form is an anaesthetic emergency.","e":"A rapidly rising temperature and masseter rigidity raised the alarming possibility of malignant hyperthermia.","t":"Anaesthesia","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"hypoxia","p":"n","i":"haɪˈpɒksiə","d":"A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the body's tissues.","e":"Signs of hypoxia such as restlessness and confusion should always be taken seriously.","t":"Nursing","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"infarction","p":"n","i":"ɪnˈfɑːkʃn","d":"Tissue death (necrosis) caused by a sustained interruption of its blood supply.","e":"Persistent ST elevation confirmed a transmural myocardial infarction of the anterior wall.","t":"Cardiology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"parenteral","p":"adj","i":"pəˈrɛntərəl","d":"Relating to nutrition or medication given into the bloodstream rather than through the digestive tract.","e":"As his bowel was non-functioning, nutrition was provided by the parenteral route through a central line.","t":"Dietetics & nutrition","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"crackles","p":"n","i":"","d":"Discontinuous popping sounds heard on auscultation, typically caused by fluid or the reopening of collapsed alveoli.","e":"Fine bibasal crackles raised the suspicion of pulmonary oedema.","t":"Respiratory","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"hydrocephalus","p":"n","i":"ˌhaɪdrəʊˈsɛfələs","d":"An abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, raising intracranial pressure.","e":"The obstructing tumour caused acute hydrocephalus, and an external ventricular drain was inserted urgently.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"intractable","p":"adj","i":"ɪnˈtræktəbl","d":"Difficult to manage or control despite treatment.","e":"He was referred for specialist input regarding intractable pain.","t":"Referral & discharge letters","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"metastasis","p":"n","i":"məˈtæstəsɪs","d":"The spread of malignant cells from a primary tumour to distant sites via blood or lymph.","e":"Bone scintigraphy detected an unsuspected metastasis in the vertebral column, upstaging the disease.","t":"Oncology","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"midazolam","p":"n","i":"mɪˈdæzəlæm","d":"A short-acting water-soluble benzodiazepine used for premedication, sedation and amnesia.","e":"Intranasal midazolam was chosen to allay the anxious child before separation from the parents.","t":"Anaesthesia","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"prn","p":"adv","i":"","d":"Describing medication that is given as required rather than at fixed times.","e":"Paracetamol is prescribed PRN for pain, up to four times a day.","t":"Nursing care","x":["OET"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"syncope","p":"n","i":"ˈsɪŋkəpi","d":"A temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood supply to the brain; fainting.","e":"The episode of syncope occurred just after he stood up quickly.","t":"Assessment & examination","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"dystonia","p":"n","i":"dɪsˈtəʊniə","d":"A movement disorder characterised by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal postures or repetitive movements.","e":"Her cervical dystonia pulled the head involuntarily to one side, a posture partially relieved by a sensory trick.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"endocarditis","p":"n","i":"ˌendəʊkɑːˈdʌɪtɪs","d":"Infection or inflammation of the endocardial lining, most often affecting the heart valves.","e":"Blood cultures and a new murmur clinched the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.","t":"Cardiology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"exacerbation","p":"n","i":"ɪɡˌzæsəˈbeɪʃən","d":"A worsening or flare-up of an existing condition.","e":"He was admitted with an acute exacerbation of a chronic respiratory disease.","t":"Referral & discharge letters","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"glioma","p":"n","i":"ɡlaɪˈəʊmə","d":"A primary brain tumour arising from the glial supporting cells of the nervous system.","e":"Glioblastoma, the most aggressive glioma, carries a dismal median survival despite maximal therapy.","t":"Oncology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"globus","p":"n","i":"ˈɡləʊbəs","d":"A persistent sensation of a lump in the throat unaccompanied by true dysphagia.","e":"After malignancy was excluded, her symptoms were attributed to globus pharyngeus.","t":"ENT","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"glucagon","p":"n","i":"","d":"A hormone, also given as an emergency injection, that raises blood glucose by releasing stored sugar from the liver.","e":"The patient was unconscious and couldn't swallow, so we gave intramuscular glucagon.","t":"Endocrine & diabetes","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"neuralgia","p":"n","i":"njʊəˈrældʒə","d":"Sharp, often paroxysmal pain arising from a nerve, typically following its anatomical distribution.","e":"His trigeminal neuralgia caused lightning-like jolts of facial pain triggered by shaving or a cold breeze.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"perioperative","p":"adj","i":"ˌpɛrɪˈɒpərətɪv","d":"Relating to the period encompassing the time immediately before, during and after a surgical operation.","e":"Careful perioperative management of blood glucose lowered the diabetic patient's risk of wound complications.","t":"Surgery","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"vasculitis","p":"n","i":"ˌvaskjʊˈlaɪtɪs","d":"Inflammation of blood vessel walls, which in the skin often produces palpable purpura.","e":"Palpable purpura over the lower limbs pointed to a small-vessel cutaneous vasculitis.","t":"Dermatology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"bulla","p":"n","i":"ˈbʊlə","d":"A large, fluid-filled blister greater than one centimetre in diameter.","e":"Tense bullae over normal-appearing skin should raise suspicion of bullous pemphigoid.","t":"Dermatology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"contralateral","p":"adj","i":"ˌkɒntrəˈlætərəl","d":"Relating to or affecting the opposite side of the body.","e":"A lesion of the right motor cortex produces weakness of the contralateral, left-sided limbs.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"erythema","p":"n","i":"ˌɛrɪˈθiːmə","d":"Redness of the skin produced by dilatation and congestion of the superficial capillaries, which blanches on pressure.","e":"There was widespread erythema and warmth of the lower leg consistent with cellulitis.","t":"Dermatology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"sarcoidosis","p":"n","i":"ˌsɑːkɔɪˈdəʊsɪs","d":"A multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown cause characterised by non-caseating granulomas, often in the lungs.","e":"Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy in a young adult is a classic presentation of sarcoidosis.","t":"Respiratory","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"sublingual","p":"adj","i":"sʌbˈlɪŋɡwəl","d":"Administered by placement under the tongue for absorption through the oral mucosa.","e":"Sublingual glyceryl trinitrate relieves angina within minutes by bypassing first-pass metabolism.","t":"Pharmacology","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"thrombocytopenia","p":"n","i":"ˌθrɒmbəˌsaɪtəˈpiːniə","d":"An abnormally low platelet count, predisposing to mucocutaneous bleeding and bruising.","e":"Profound thrombocytopenia after heparin exposure should raise suspicion of an immune-mediated syndrome.","t":"Advanced English","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"absconding","p":"n","i":"əbˈskɒndɪŋ","d":"Leaving a ward or place of care without permission when subject to observation or detention.","e":"Following an earlier absconding, staff agreed a plan to reduce his risk of leaving unescorted.","t":"Mental health nursing","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"arthroplasty","p":"n","i":"ˈɑːθrəʊplasti","d":"The surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint to restore movement and relieve pain.","e":"Total hip arthroplasty transformed the management of disabling coxarthrosis.","t":"Musculoskeletal","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"clubbing","p":"n","i":"ˈklʌbɪŋ","d":"A broadening and curving of the fingertips and nails associated with certain chronic conditions.","e":"I checked the nails for clubbing while examining the hands.","t":"Assessment & examination","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"comorbidity","p":"n","i":"ˌkəʊmɔːˈbɪdɪti","d":"An additional long-term condition a patient has alongside the main problem.","e":"Mention her comorbidities in the background, as they shape how quickly she may tire.","t":"Clinical handover","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"electrocardiogram","p":"n","i":"","d":"A recording of the heart's electrical activity used to detect rhythm disturbances, ischaemia, and other cardiac abnormalities.","e":"Please do a twelve-lead electrocardiogram and bring it to me before you give any pain relief.","t":"Cardiology","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"spasticity","p":"n","i":"spæsˈtɪsɪti","d":"A velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone due to an upper motor neurone lesion.","e":"Progressive spasticity in both legs made his gait stiff and scissoring, and he required regular botulinum toxin injections.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"stoma","p":"n","i":"ˈstəʊmə","d":"A surgically created opening of the bowel onto the abdominal wall to divert faecal output.","e":"A defunctioning stoma was fashioned to protect the fresh colorectal anastomosis.","t":"Gastroenterology","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"anticoagulation","p":"n","i":"ˌantɪkəʊˌaɡjʊˈleɪʃn","d":"The therapeutic reduction of the blood's tendency to clot, to prevent thromboembolism.","e":"Lifelong anticoagulation was started to mitigate the stroke risk of atrial fibrillation.","t":"Cardiology","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"dysphagia","p":"n","i":"dɪsˈfeɪdʒə","d":"Difficulty in swallowing.","e":"The dysphagia was worse for solids than for liquids.","t":"Assessment & examination","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"expedite","p":"v","i":"ˈekspɪdaɪt","d":"To speed up a process or make it happen sooner.","e":"I would be grateful if you could expedite an outpatient appointment.","t":"Referral & discharge letters","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"neutropenia","p":"n","i":"ˌnjuːtrəˈpiːniə","d":"A reduction in circulating neutrophils below the reference range, markedly increasing susceptibility to bacterial infection.","e":"Febrile neutropenia after chemotherapy is a medical emergency requiring immediate empirical antibiotics.","t":"Advanced English","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"pallor","p":"n","i":"ˈpalə","d":"An abnormal paleness of the skin or mucous membranes noted on examination.","e":"Marked pallor of the conjunctivae raised the suspicion of anaemia.","t":"Assessment & examination","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"anastomosis","p":"n","i":"əˌnæstəˈməʊsɪs","d":"A surgical or natural junction between two hollow structures, as when two bowel ends are rejoined.","e":"Leakage from the ileocolic anastomosis presented on the fifth postoperative day.","t":"Gastroenterology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"anticonvulsant","p":"n","i":"ˌæntɪkənˈvʌlsənt","d":"A drug used to prevent or suppress epileptic seizures.","e":"The anticonvulsant stabilises neuronal membranes by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels.","t":"Pharmacology","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"bradycardia","p":"n","i":"ˌbrædɪˈkɑːdɪə","d":"An abnormally slow heart rate, conventionally below sixty beats per minute in an adult.","e":"Vagally mediated bradycardia during peritoneal traction was abolished by intravenous atropine.","t":"Anaesthesia","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"cellulitis","p":"n","i":"ˌsɛljʊˈlaɪtɪs","d":"A spreading bacterial infection of the skin and the tissue just beneath it.","e":"The hot, red, swollen lower leg with a raised temperature suggested cellulitis.","t":"Podiatry","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"cephalic","p":"adj","i":"sɪˈfælɪk","d":"Relating to the head; used of a foetus lying head-downwards ready for birth.","e":"By thirty-seven weeks the foetus had turned to a cephalic lie.","t":"Midwifery & obstetrics","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"continence","p":"n","i":"ˈkɒntɪnəns","d":"The ability to control bladder and bowel function voluntarily.","e":"A regular toileting schedule helped him maintain continence and preserve his dignity.","t":"Occupational therapy","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"diverticulitis","p":"n","i":"ˌdaɪvətɪkjʊˈlaɪtɪs","d":"Inflammation or infection of colonic diverticula, typically presenting with left iliac fossa pain and fever.","e":"CT confirmed sigmoid diverticulitis with pericolic fat stranding but no abscess.","t":"Gastroenterology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"elicit","p":"v","i":"ɪˈlɪsɪt","d":"To draw out a symptom, sign or piece of history through careful questioning or examination.","e":"Gentle pressure was used to elicit tenderness over the affected area.","t":"Assessment & examination","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"ketoacidosis","p":"n","i":"ˌkiːtəʊˌæsɪˈdəʊsɪs","d":"A dangerous metabolic acidosis caused by the accumulation of ketone bodies, characteristic of decompensated type 1 diabetes.","e":"She presented in diabetic ketoacidosis with Kussmaul breathing and a profound anion-gap acidosis.","t":"Endocrine & diabetes","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"malabsorption","p":"n","i":"ˌmæləbˈzɔːpʃən","d":"Impaired uptake of nutrients from the gut into the body.","e":"Her weight loss and fatty stools pointed towards malabsorption rather than inadequate intake.","t":"Dietetics & nutrition","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"multidisciplinary","p":"adj","i":"ˌmʌltiˈdɪsɪplɪnəri","d":"Drawing on several professional disciplines working together on a patient's care.","e":"Her plan was agreed at the multidisciplinary meeting and handed over to the ward team.","t":"Clinical handover","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"myasthenia","p":"n","i":"ˌmaɪəsˈθiːniə","d":"Muscular weakness, especially the fatigable weakness of the autoimmune disorder myasthenia gravis.","e":"The fatigable ptosis and diplopia that worsened through the day were classic for myasthenia.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"osteomyelitis","p":"n","i":"ˌɒstɪəʊmaɪəˈlaɪtɪs","d":"Infection of bone and its marrow.","e":"Vertebral osteomyelitis should be suspected in a bacteraemic patient with new, focal back pain.","t":"Advanced English","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"purpura","p":"n","i":"ˈpɜːpjʊərə","d":"Discolouration of the skin caused by bleeding into it, which does not blanch on pressure.","e":"Non-blanching purpura over the buttocks and legs raised the suspicion of Henoch-Schönlein disease.","t":"Dermatology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"slough","p":"n","i":"","d":"Dead, yellowish tissue in a wound bed that needs to be removed for healing to progress.","e":"The wound bed is about fifty per cent slough, so we've applied a debriding dressing.","t":"Nursing care","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"strabismus","p":"n","i":"strəˈbɪzməs","d":"A misalignment of the eyes in which they do not point in the same direction.","e":"The cover test confirmed a convergent strabismus in the right eye.","t":"Ophthalmology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"troponin","p":"n","i":"ˈtrəʊpənɪn","d":"A regulatory myocardial protein whose release into the blood signals cardiac muscle injury.","e":"A rising high-sensitivity troponin confirmed myocardial necrosis.","t":"Cardiology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"wheal","p":"n","i":"wiːl","d":"A transient, oedematous, pruritic elevation of the skin produced by dermal swelling, as seen in urticaria.","e":"Individual wheals typically resolve within twenty-four hours, leaving no residual mark on the skin.","t":"Dermatology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"ascites","p":"n","i":"əˈsaɪtiːz","d":"An abnormal build-up of fluid within the abdominal cavity.","e":"Because of the ascites, his true dry weight was hard to estimate from the scales alone.","t":"Dietetics & nutrition","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"debridement","p":"n","i":"dɪˈbriːdmənt","d":"The cleaning away of diseased tissue or deposits from a wound or tooth surface.","e":"Careful debridement of the infected pocket was the first step in treating the gum disease.","t":"Dentistry","x":["OET"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"dyspepsia","p":"n","i":"","d":"Persistent or recurrent discomfort centred in the upper abdomen, commonly felt as fullness, bloating or burning.","e":"We started him on a proton pump inhibitor for his functional dyspepsia before considering further tests.","t":"Gastroenterology","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"nystagmus","p":"n","i":"nɪˈstaɡməs","d":"Involuntary, rhythmic oscillation of the eyes, often a sign of vestibular dysfunction.","e":"Horizontal nystagmus suppressed by visual fixation suggested a peripheral vestibular cause.","t":"ENT","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"orthostatic","p":"adj","i":"ˌɔːθəˈstætɪk","d":"Relating to or caused by an upright posture, as in a drop in blood pressure on standing.","e":"Her orthostatic hypotension meant I asked her to sit for a moment before mobilising.","t":"Nursing","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"subluxation","p":"n","i":"ˌsʌblʌkˈseɪʃən","d":"A partial or incomplete dislocation in which the joint surfaces remain in some contact.","e":"Atlantoaxial subluxation is a feared complication of long-standing rheumatoid arthritis.","t":"Musculoskeletal","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"amiodarone","p":"n","i":"əˈmʌɪədərəʊn","d":"A broad-spectrum antiarrhythmic drug that prolongs repolarisation to suppress arrhythmias.","e":"Amiodarone was chosen because it can be used despite impaired ventricular function.","t":"Cardiology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"beneficence","p":"n","i":"bɪˈnefɪsəns","d":"The ethical principle of acting for the benefit and wellbeing of the patient.","e":"Balancing beneficence with respect for autonomy is central to any consent discussion.","t":"Consent & explaining","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"echocardiogram","p":"n","i":"","d":"An ultrasound scan of the heart that shows its structure, valve function, and pumping performance.","e":"The echocardiogram revealed a reduced ejection fraction of thirty-five per cent.","t":"Cardiology","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"enteral","p":"adj","i":"ˈɛntərəl","d":"Relating to nutrition delivered directly into the gastrointestinal tract, usually through a feeding tube.","e":"When oral intake became unsafe, the team started enteral feeding via a nasogastric tube.","t":"Dietetics & nutrition","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"fundus","p":"n","i":"ˈfʌndəs","d":"The upper rounded part of the uterus, farthest from the cervix, palpated to gauge growth.","e":"She measured from the fundus to the pubic bone to check the baby was growing as expected.","t":"Midwifery & obstetrics","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"grandiosity","p":"n","i":"","d":"An inflated sense of one's importance, power or abilities, often reaching delusional intensity.","e":"The grandiosity was striking: he believed he had been chosen to solve the world's problems.","t":"Advanced English","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"haematoma","p":"n","i":"ˌhiːməˈtəʊmə","d":"A localised collection of blood outside the vessels, forming a swelling within the tissues.","e":"A rapidly expanding haematoma at the neck prompted an urgent re-examination of the airway.","t":"Paramedic & emergency","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"ipsilateral","p":"adj","i":"ˌɪpsɪˈlætərəl","d":"Relating to or affecting the same side of the body.","e":"Cerebellar lesions cause ataxia on the ipsilateral side, so a right-sided lesion produces right-sided incoordination.","t":"Neurology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"labile","p":"adj","i":"ˈleɪbaɪl","d":"Describing mood or emotion that shifts rapidly and easily from one state to another.","e":"His mood was markedly labile, moving from tearfulness to laughter within a single conversation.","t":"Mental health nursing","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"paroxysmal","p":"adj","i":"ˌparɒkˈsɪzməl","d":"Occurring in sudden, recurrent attacks or episodes.","e":"Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea woke him gasping several hours after falling asleep.","t":"Respiratory","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"proteinuria","p":"n","i":"ˌprəʊtiˈnjʊərɪə","d":"The presence of an abnormal quantity of protein in the urine.","e":"The dipstick suggested proteinuria, so a quantitative measurement was recommended in the report.","t":"Medical laboratory","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"pruritus","p":"n","i":"prʊˈraɪtəs","d":"An unpleasant cutaneous sensation that provokes the desire to scratch.","e":"Nocturnal pruritus without a visible rash prompted a search for cholestasis or lymphoma.","t":"Dermatology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"uveitis","p":"n","i":"ˌjuːviˈaɪtɪs","d":"Inflammation of the uvea, the middle pigmented layer of the eye, presenting with pain, redness and photophobia.","e":"Anterior uveitis is often associated with HLA-B27-related systemic disease.","t":"Ophthalmology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"vertigo","p":"n","i":"ˈvɜːtɪɡəʊ","d":"A false sensation that oneself or one's surroundings are spinning or moving.","e":"She distinguished true vertigo from a vaguer feeling of light-headedness.","t":"Assessment & examination","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"anticholinergic","p":"adj","i":"ˌæntɪkəʊlɪˈnɜːdʒɪk","d":"Blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors.","e":"The anticholinergic side effects included dry mouth, urinary retention and blurred vision.","t":"Pharmacology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"carcinoid","p":"n","i":"ˈkɑːsɪnɔɪd","d":"A slow-growing neuroendocrine tumour that may secrete vasoactive substances such as serotonin.","e":"A midgut carcinoid presented with flushing and diarrhoea once it had metastasised to the liver.","t":"Oncology","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"contracture","p":"n","i":"kənˈtraktjʊə","d":"A permanent shortening and fixed tightening of muscle, tendon or other soft tissue producing joint deformity.","e":"Dupuytren contracture progressively flexed the ring and little fingers into the palm.","t":"Musculoskeletal","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"Gram-negative","p":"adj","i":"ɡræm ˈneɡətɪv","d":"Describing bacteria that do not retain crystal violet stain and appear pink under Gram staining, having a thin peptidoglycan wall.","e":"Gram-negative bacilli on the blood film raised concern for a coliform bacteraemia.","t":"Infectious disease","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"nonunion","p":"n","i":"nɒnˈjuːnɪən","d":"The failure of a fractured bone to heal within the expected time, with no prospect of doing so without intervention.","e":"The atrophic nonunion of the scaphoid required bone grafting and rigid internal fixation.","t":"Musculoskeletal","x":["PLAB"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"pre-eclampsia","p":"n","i":"","d":"A pregnancy complication marked by new-onset high blood pressure and protein in the urine after 20 weeks.","e":"Her blood pressure and proteinuria pointed to pre-eclampsia, so we started labetalol.","t":"Maternity","x":["OET","PLAB"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"tracheostomy","p":"n","i":"ˌtreɪkiˈɒstəmi","d":"A surgically created opening in the trachea through which a tube is placed to secure the airway.","e":"A tracheostomy was fashioned to allow prolonged ventilation and easier pulmonary toilet.","t":"ENT","x":["OET"],"l":"C1"}],"legal":[{"w":"hereof","p":"adv","i":"","d":"Of this document or clause, used to refer back to the instrument or a part of it.","e":"The recitals form part hereof and are to be read together with the operative provisions.","t":"Legal 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date.","t":"Company & governance","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"repudiate","p":"v","i":"rɪˈpjuːdieɪt","d":"To refuse to perform or be bound by one's contractual obligations.","e":"By announcing it would no longer honour the order, the buyer repudiated the contract.","t":"Commercial law","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"construe","p":"v","i":"kənˈstruː","d":"To interpret the meaning and legal effect of the words of a document.","e":"This Agreement shall be construed in accordance with the laws of England and Wales.","t":"Legal drafting","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"set-off","p":"n","i":"ˈsetɒf","d":"The netting of mutual debts between a debtor and creditor so that only the balance is claimable in the insolvency.","e":"Insolvency set-off reduced the bank's claim to the net amount owing after cross-debts were extinguished.","t":"Insolvency & restructuring","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"thereto","p":"adv","i":"","d":"To the thing just mentioned, used to refer back to a previously identified item or document.","e":"The Company shall execute the transfer and all documents ancillary thereto.","t":"Legal drafting","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"hereinafter","p":"adv","i":"ˌhɪərɪnˈɑːftə","d":"In a later part of this document; used to introduce a defined term or reference.","e":"Acme Holdings Limited (hereinafter the Seller) agreed to convey the freehold on completion.","t":"Advanced English","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"liquidated","p":"adj","i":"ˈlɪkwɪdeɪtɪd","d":"Of a sum, fixed or ascertainable by calculation rather than requiring assessment.","e":"The contract stipulated liquidated damages of a set amount for each week of delay.","t":"Litigation","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"assignee","p":"n","i":"ˌæsaɪˈniː","d":"The party to whom a contractual right or benefit is transferred.","e":"As assignee of the receivables, the finance house could sue the debtors in its own name.","t":"Advanced English","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"misrepresentation","p":"n","i":"","d":"A false statement of fact that induces someone to enter a contract.","e":"The sale was voidable for misrepresentation about the mileage.","t":"Contracts","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"rescission","p":"n","i":"rɪˈsɪʒən","d":"The setting aside of a contract so as to restore the parties to their pre-contractual positions.","e":"On discovering the fraudulent misrepresentation, the claimant sought rescission of the sale rather than damages.","t":"Commercial law","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"convene","p":"v","i":"kənˈviːn","d":"To formally call together and open a meeting.","e":"The chairman convened an extraordinary general meeting to consider the rescue proposal.","t":"Company & governance","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"fiduciary","p":"n","i":"fɪˈdjuːʃəri","d":"A person obliged to act in good faith and in the interests of another, such as a director acting for a company.","e":"As a fiduciary, the director could not exploit a corporate opportunity for personal gain.","t":"Commercial 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be paid out as a dividend.","e":"A dividend may be paid only out of the company's distributable reserves.","t":"Company & governance","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"underwriting","p":"n","i":"ˈʌndəraɪtɪŋ","d":"An undertaking by a financial institution to subscribe for any securities not taken up by investors.","e":"The bank's underwriting guaranteed that the rights issue would be fully subscribed regardless of demand.","t":"Corporate law","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"restitution","p":"n","i":"ˌrestɪˈtjuːʃən","d":"The restoration of a benefit unjustly obtained at another's expense, reversing an unjust enrichment.","e":"Because the contract was void, the claimant recovered its advance payment in restitution.","t":"Advanced English","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"statute-barred","p":"adj","i":"","d":"Describing a claim that can no longer be pursued because the limitation period has expired.","e":"The defendant pleaded that the claim was statute-barred and applied to strike it out.","t":"Litigation","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"liquidation","p":"n","i":"","d":"The winding up of a company by selling its assets to pay creditors.","e":"In liquidation, secured creditors are paid first.","t":"Corporate law","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"distributorship","p":"n","i":"dɪˈstrɪbjʊtəʃɪp","d":"A commercial arrangement granting a party the right to resell a supplier's goods, typically within a defined territory.","e":"The exclusive distributorship prevented the supplier from appointing any rival reseller in France.","t":"Commercial law","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"recite","p":"v","i":"rɪˈsaɪt","d":"To set out background facts or matters formally, especially in the recitals of a document.","e":"The deed recites that the parties entered into a prior agreement dated 1 March 2024.","t":"Legal drafting","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"annexure","p":"n","i":"əˈnɛkʃə","d":"A document attached to and forming part of a principal instrument.","e":"The completion statement is set out in the annexure to this Agreement.","t":"Legal drafting","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"deem","p":"v","i":"","d":"To treat something as being the case, by law or agreement.","e":"Notice sent by post is deemed received two days after posting.","t":"Legal drafting","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"severable","p":"adj","i":"ˈsevərəbəl","d":"Capable of being divided so that one part may stand or fall independently of the rest.","e":"Because the obligations were severable, breach of one instalment did not discharge the entire contract.","t":"Advanced English","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"obligor","p":"n","i":"ˌɒblɪˈɡɔː","d":"The party bound by an obligation to another.","e":"The obligor defaulted on the first instalment falling due under the loan.","t":"Legal drafting","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"voidable","p":"adj","i":"ˈvɔɪdəbəl","d":"(Of a contract) valid until one party elects to avoid it, for example on grounds of misrepresentation.","e":"A contract induced by duress is voidable at the option of the coerced party.","t":"Commercial law","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"pre-pack","p":"n","i":"ˈpriːpæk","d":"An arrangement negotiated before an administration under which the sale of the business is completed immediately on appointment.","e":"Critics of the pre-pack complained that unsecured creditors had no chance to bid for the assets.","t":"Insolvency & restructuring","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"mortgagor","p":"n","i":"ˌmɔːɡəˈdʒɔː","d":"The borrower who charges an interest in land as security for a loan.","e":"On default the mortgagor lost the equity of redemption when the lender exercised its power of sale.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"severability","p":"n","i":"sɪˌvɛrəˈbɪlɪti","d":"The principle that an arbitration clause is treated as independent of the main contract in which it sits.","e":"By virtue of severability, the arbitration clause survived even though the underlying contract was rescinded.","t":"Arbitration","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"vitiate","p":"v","i":"ˈvɪʃieɪt","d":"To impair or destroy the legal validity of a contract or of consent to it.","e":"A fundamental mistake as to the subject matter may vitiate the entire agreement.","t":"Advanced English","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"mitigation","p":"n","i":"","d":"The duty to take reasonable steps to reduce one's loss.","e":"Damages were cut because the claimant failed in mitigation.","t":"Litigation","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"mitigate","p":"v","i":"","d":"To take reasonable steps to reduce the loss flowing from a breach of contract.","e":"The seller failed to mitigate by refusing to resell the goods when a ready market existed.","t":"Contracts","x":["TOLES"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"obligee","p":"n","i":"ˌɒblɪˈdʒiː","d":"The party to whom an obligation is owed.","e":"The bond was expressed to be for the benefit of the obligee named in the schedule.","t":"Legal 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previously stated matter.","e":"The aforesaid sum shall be held on trust for the beneficiaries named in the Schedule.","t":"Legal drafting","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"antecedents","p":"n","i":"ˌantɪˈsiːdənts","d":"A defendant's previous convictions and personal history, presented to the court before sentencing.","e":"Counsel outlined his antecedents, noting a string of earlier convictions for dishonesty.","t":"Criminal law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"attestation","p":"n","i":"ˌætɛˈsteɪʃn","d":"The act of witnessing and formally certifying the signing of a document.","e":"The attestation clause records that the deed was signed in the presence of the named witness.","t":"Legal drafting","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"dualism","p":"n","i":"ˈdjuːəlɪzəm","d":"The constitutional theory that treaties become part of domestic law only when incorporated by legislation.","e":"Because the state is dualist, the unincorporated treaty conferred no directly enforceable rights.","t":"Constitutional & public","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"exonerate","p":"v","i":"ɪɡˈzɒnəreɪt","d":"To clear a person of blame or of a criminal charge.","e":"The fresh DNA evidence exonerated the man after two decades in prison.","t":"Court & advocacy","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"foreshore","p":"n","i":"ˈfɔːʃɔː","d":"The strip of land between the high and low water marks of an ordinary tide, generally vested in the Crown.","e":"The Crown Estate owned the foreshore, so the hotel needed a licence to build its jetty across it.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"malfeasance","p":"n","i":"mælˈfiːzns","d":"The commission of an act that is positively unlawful or wrongful.","e":"The inquiry uncovered systematic malfeasance by senior executives who had falsified the accounts.","t":"Corporate law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"moiety","p":"n","i":"ˈmɔɪəti","d":"A half share, or more loosely any part, of an interest in land held jointly.","e":"Each co-owner was entitled to a moiety of the sale proceeds after discharge of the mortgage.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"proscribed","p":"adj","i":"prəˈskraɪbd","d":"Officially forbidden or banned, especially of an organisation whose membership bars a person from admission.","e":"His affiliation with a proscribed organisation rendered him inadmissible on security grounds.","t":"Immigration law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"proximate","p":"adj","i":"ˈprɒksɪmət","d":"Being the direct and effective cause of an injury in an unbroken sequence of events.","e":"The court identified the driver's inattention as the proximate cause of the collision.","t":"Tort","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"reversion","p":"n","i":"rɪˈvɜːʃn̩","d":"The residue of an estate left in a grantor which returns to that grantor once a lesser interest granted out of it ends.","e":"On the lease's expiry the reversion falls in, and the freeholder recovers vacant possession.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"ring-fence","p":"v","i":"","d":"To protect an asset from division by treating it as separate from the shared marital pot.","e":"We sought to ring-fence the business, arguing it had been established long before the marriage.","t":"Family law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"scrip","p":"n","i":"skrɪp","d":"A provisional certificate entitling the holder to shares, often issued in lieu of a cash dividend.","e":"The company offered a scrip dividend, allowing shareholders to take new shares instead of cash.","t":"Company & governance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"committal","p":"n","i":"kəˈmɪtl","d":"The sending of a defendant to a higher court for trial, or of a person to prison, by court order.","e":"The magistrates ordered committal for trial once satisfied there was a case to answer.","t":"Evidence & procedure","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"corporeal","p":"adj","i":"kɔːˈpɔːrɪəl","d":"Denoting property that has a tangible physical existence, such as land or goods.","e":"The house and its grounds are corporeal property, unlike the covenants that burden them.","t":"Property","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"expropriation","p":"n","i":"ɛksˌprəʊprɪˈeɪʃən","d":"The compulsory taking of private property by the state, generally on payment of compensation.","e":"The landowners challenged the expropriation of their fields for the new motorway.","t":"Property","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"renunciation","p":"n","i":"rɪˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃn","d":"The voluntary and formal giving up of one's citizenship or nationality.","e":"His renunciation of his former nationality was a precondition of acquiring the new one.","t":"Immigration law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"reparation","p":"n","i":"ˌrepəˈreɪʃn","d":"Redress owed to a victim for a violation, encompassing compensation, restitution and rehabilitation.","e":"The tribunal ordered full reparation for the victims of the atrocities.","t":"Human rights","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"accrual","p":"n","i":"əˈkruːəl","d":"The recognition of income or expense when it is earned or incurred rather than when cash changes hands.","e":"On the accrual basis, the interest is taxed in the year it arises, not when it is received.","t":"Tax law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"bid-rigging","p":"n","i":"bɪd ˈrɪɡɪŋ","d":"A form of cartel in which competitors coordinate their responses to a tender, for example through cover pricing or bid rotation.","e":"The construction firms engaged in bid-rigging by submitting agreed cover bids.","t":"Competition & antitrust","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"chattel","p":"n","i":"ˈtʃætl̩","d":"An item of movable personal property, distinguished from land and things affixed to it.","e":"The freestanding wardrobe remained a chattel and did not pass with the sale of the house.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"deliberative","p":"adj","i":"dɪˈlɪbərətɪv","d":"Concerned with the careful discussion and weighing of matters before a decision.","e":"The board acts as a deliberative body, debating strategy before resolving upon it.","t":"Company & governance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"depose","p":"v","i":"dɪˈpəʊz","d":"To give sworn testimony, especially in writing or before trial.","e":"The witness deposed that she had seen the signature being forged.","t":"Court & advocacy","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"deposition","p":"n","i":"ˌdepəˈzɪʃn","d":"Sworn out-of-court testimony taken in writing for later use in proceedings.","e":"Key admissions surfaced during the deposition of the company's former finance director.","t":"Court & advocacy","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"divestment","p":"n","i":"daɪˈvestmənt","d":"The disposal of a subsidiary, business unit, or holding.","e":"The divestment of the non-core assets raised sufficient capital to reduce the group's borrowings.","t":"Company & governance","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"extrajudicial","p":"adj","i":"","d":"Occurring outside the authority or process of a court of law.","e":"The report documented a pattern of extrajudicial killings by the security forces.","t":"Human rights","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"indenture","p":"n","i":"ɪnˈdɛntʃə","d":"A deed made between two or more parties, historically written in duplicate on a single sheet then cut along an indented edge.","e":"The lease was drawn as an indenture between the landlord and the tenant of the first and second parts.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"inducement","p":"n","i":"ɪnˈdjuːsmənt","d":"Actively encouraging another to infringe, a basis for secondary liability in patent and copyright law.","e":"Advertising the product for the infringing use amounted to inducement of infringement.","t":"Intellectual property","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"jettison","p":"n","i":"ˈdʒetɪsən","d":"The deliberate throwing overboard of cargo or ship's equipment to lighten or save the vessel in time of peril.","e":"The jettison of the heaviest containers was a classic general average sacrifice for the common safety.","t":"Shipping & maritime","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"littoral","p":"adj","i":"ˈlɪtərəl","d":"Relating to the shore of the sea or a lake, and to land bordering it.","e":"The littoral owner's boundary shifted with the gradual accretion of the beach.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"recidivism","p":"n","i":"rɪˈsɪdɪvɪzəm","d":"The tendency of a convicted offender to relapse into criminal behaviour after punishment.","e":"High rates of recidivism among short-sentence prisoners cast doubt on the deterrent value of custody.","t":"Criminal law","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"recuse","p":"v","i":"rɪˈkjuːz","d":"To withdraw from a case because of a conflict of interest or apparent bias, usually said of a judge.","e":"The judge chose to recuse himself once his prior connection to the defendant emerged.","t":"Court & advocacy","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"requisition","p":"n","i":"ˌrɛkwɪˈzɪʃn̩","d":"A formal written query raised by a buyer's solicitor requiring the seller to clarify or perfect the title.","e":"The purchaser's solicitor raised a requisition on the apparent break in the chain of title.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"sequester","p":"v","i":"sɪˈkwestə","d":"To isolate a jury from outside influence, or to seize property under judicial authority.","e":"The judge ordered the jury to be sequestered for the duration of their deliberations.","t":"Court & advocacy","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"spillover","p":"n","i":"ˈspɪlˌəʊvə","d":"The dynamic by which integration in one sector generates pressure to integrate in others.","e":"Neofunctionalists explained deepening integration through functional spillover.","t":"EU law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"abatement","p":"n","i":"əˈbeɪtmənt","d":"The suspension or termination of legal proceedings, as on the death of a party.","e":"The claimant's death worked an abatement of the suit until his personal representatives were substituted.","t":"Evidence & procedure","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"acquiescence","p":"n","i":"ˌakwɪˈɛs(ə)ns","d":"A rights holder's tacit tolerance of another's use, which may bar later objection to it.","e":"Five years of acquiescence in the later mark's use extinguished the right to seek its cancellation.","t":"Intellectual property","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"apportionment","p":"n","i":"əˈpɔːʃənmənt","d":"The division of income or a tax base between jurisdictions or persons.","e":"The multinational's profits were divided among the states by a formulary apportionment.","t":"Tax law","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"bifurcation","p":"n","i":"ˌbaɪfəˈkeɪʃən","d":"The splitting of proceedings so that issues such as jurisdiction or liability are heard separately.","e":"The tribunal ordered bifurcation, hearing jurisdiction before turning to the merits.","t":"Arbitration","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"cogent","p":"adj","i":"ˈkəʊdʒənt","d":"Of evidence or argument, clear, logical and convincing.","e":"The tribunal found the expert's reasoning cogent and preferred it to the claimant's account.","t":"Evidence & 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suffering.","t":"Tort","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"preponderance","p":"n","i":"prɪˈpɒndərəns","d":"The greater weight of the evidence, constituting the ordinary civil standard of proof.","e":"A civil claimant need only establish liability on the preponderance of the evidence.","t":"Evidence & procedure","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"Redfern","p":"n","i":"ˈrɛdfɜːn","d":"A tabular schedule used to organise and rule upon the parties' document-production requests.","e":"The tribunal populated the Redfern schedule to adjudicate each disputed request in turn.","t":"Arbitration","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"universality","p":"n","i":"ˌjuːnɪvɜːˈsæləti","d":"The principle that human rights belong to everyone everywhere, irrespective of culture or status.","e":"Critics argue that universality masks a Western conception of rights.","t":"Human rights","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"accretion","p":"n","i":"əˈkriːʃn̩","d":"The gradual and imperceptible addition of land by the deposit of soil or the recession of water, which enures to the adjoining owner.","e":"The riverside plot enlarged over decades through accretion as silt built up along the bank.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"arbitral","p":"adj","i":"ˈɑːbɪtrəl","d":"Relating to arbitration or to the tribunal that conducts it.","e":"The arbitral tribunal declined jurisdiction over the non-signatory parent company.","t":"Arbitration","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"certiorari","p":"n","i":"ˌsɜːʃiəˈreəraɪ","d":"An order by which a superior court reviews and quashes an unlawful decision of a lower body.","e":"The claimant sought certiorari to quash the planning decision reached in breach of natural justice.","t":"Court & advocacy","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"codification","p":"n","i":"ˌkəʊdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən","d":"The consolidation of an act and its amendments into a single new instrument without substantive change.","e":"The codification merged the original directive and its five amendments into one text.","t":"EU law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"commutation","p":"n","i":"ˌkɒmjʊˈteɪʃn","d":"The substitution of a lesser penalty for the one originally imposed.","e":"The commutation of his death sentence to life imprisonment followed a successful appeal for mercy.","t":"Criminal law","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"conveyancing","p":"n","i":"","d":"The legal process of transferring ownership of land or property from a seller to a buyer.","e":"She handles residential conveyancing and can usually take a straightforward sale to completion in six weeks.","t":"Property","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"dictum","p":"n","i":"ˈdɪktəm","d":"A judge's incidental remark that is not essential to the decision and carries no binding authority.","e":"The observation was mere dictum and did not bind the courts that followed.","t":"Legal Latin","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"domicile","p":"n","i":"ˈdɒmɪsaɪl","d":"The country a person treats as their permanent home and to which they intend to return.","e":"His domicile of origin remained abroad despite decades of residence in the United Kingdom.","t":"Immigration law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"marshalling","p":"n","i":"ˈmɑːʃəlɪŋ","d":"An equitable doctrine that orders the resort of creditors to different funds so as to protect a junior secured creditor.","e":"By marshalling, the second chargee compelled the bank to look first to the assets it alone could reach.","t":"Insolvency & restructuring","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"recant","p":"v","i":"rɪˈkænt","d":"To withdraw or formally retract a previous statement or item of testimony.","e":"The key witness later recanted, claiming his original statement had been made under pressure.","t":"Evidence & procedure","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"riparian","p":"adj","i":"raɪˈpɛəriən","d":"Relating to the bank of a river or watercourse, and to the rights of an owner of adjoining land.","e":"As a riparian owner she was entitled to the flow of the stream undiminished in quantity and quality.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"supranational","p":"adj","i":"ˌsuːprəˈnæʃənəl","d":"Transcending national authority, with powers exercised above the level of individual states.","e":"The Court of Justice is a genuinely supranational institution whose rulings bind the Member States.","t":"EU law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"tranche","p":"n","i":"trɑːnʃ","d":"A distinct portion of a larger facility that carries its own terms as to amount, pricing, ranking or repayment profile.","e":"The senior debt was split into an amortising term loan A tranche and a bullet term loan B tranche.","t":"Banking & finance law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"vilify","p":"v","i":"ˈvɪlɪfaɪ","d":"To defame or disparage a person by making abusive or belittling statements.","e":"The broadcast sought to vilify the claimant as corrupt, and the jury awarded substantial damages.","t":"Tort","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"affidavit","p":"n","i":"","d":"A written statement sworn to be true, for use as evidence.","e":"She signed an affidavit setting out what she had seen.","t":"Litigation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"anticipatory","p":"adj","i":"ænˈtɪsɪpətəri","d":"Occurring before the time fixed for performance, especially of a breach declared in advance.","e":"The buyer's advance refusal to accept the goods was an anticipatory breach entitling the seller to sue at once.","t":"Advanced English","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"codify","p":"v","i":"ˈkəʊdɪfaɪ","d":"To arrange rules or principles into a systematic written code or statute.","e":"The legislature moved to codify the common-law rules of self-defence into a single statute.","t":"Advanced English","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"conveyance","p":"n","i":"kənˈveɪəns","d":"A formal legal instrument, typically a deed, that transfers legal title to land or an interest in it from one party to another.","e":"The completed conveyance vested the freehold in the purchaser and was duly registered at the Land Registry.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"easement","p":"n","i":"ˈiːzmənt","d":"A right enjoyed by one landowner to use, or restrict the use of, the land of another, such as a right of way or of light.","e":"An easement of way across the neighbouring field allowed the farmhouse lawful access to the highway.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"incumbency","p":"n","i":"ɪnˈkʌmbənsi","d":"The holding of an office or position, or the period during which it is held.","e":"Several major acquisitions were completed during the chairman's incumbency.","t":"Company & governance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"mezzanine","p":"n","i":"ˈmezəniːn","d":"Financing that ranks between senior debt and equity, typically carrying higher returns and risk.","e":"The buy-out was funded partly by mezzanine, which sat below the bank facility but above the shareholders' equity.","t":"Corporate law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"nisi","p":"adj","i":"ˈnaɪsaɪ","d":"Of an order, taking effect only after a specified period unless cause is shown to the contrary.","e":"The decree nisi would be made absolute after six weeks.","t":"Legal Latin","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"probity","p":"n","i":"ˈprəʊbɪti","d":"Complete integrity and honesty in the conduct of an office.","e":"A director's probity was called into question after the undisclosed related-party dealings emerged.","t":"Company & governance","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"self-determination","p":"n","i":"","d":"The right of a people to freely determine their political status and pursue their economic, social and cultural development.","e":"The territory invoked its right to self-determination.","t":"Human rights","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"surety","p":"n","i":"ˈʃʊərəti","d":"A person who undertakes responsibility for another's appearance at court or fulfilment of an obligation.","e":"His uncle stood surety for him, pledging a substantial sum to secure his attendance at trial.","t":"Court & advocacy","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"syndication","p":"n","i":"ˌsɪndɪˈkeɪʃn","d":"The arrangement of a large loan provided jointly by a group of lenders sharing the risk.","e":"The acquisition finance was raised through the syndication of a term loan among a dozen banks.","t":"Corporate law","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"abeyance","p":"n","i":"əˈbeɪəns","d":"A state in which the ownership of an estate or the identity of its holder is temporarily undetermined.","e":"Pending the grant of probate, the legal estate lay in abeyance until the executors were appointed.","t":"Conveyancing & land","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"annulment","p":"n","i":"əˈnʌlmənt","d":"The judicial vacating of an arbitral award, rendering it of no legal effect.","e":"Annulment is available only on narrow grounds such as a denial of due process.","t":"Arbitration","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"cloture","p":"n","i":"ˈkləʊtʃə","d":"A procedure for ending debate and forcing an immediate vote in a legislative body.","e":"Only a supermajority could invoke cloture and bring the filibuster to an end.","t":"Advanced English","x":[],"l":"C2"}],"business":[{"w":"apportionment","p":"n","i":"əˌpɔːʃənˈmənt","d":"The distribution of a shared cost among departments or periods on a rational basis.","e":"The apportionment of factory rent was based on the floor space each division occupied.","t":"Accounting","x":["Linguaskill Business"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"disbursement","p":"n","i":"dɪsˈbɜːsmənt","d":"The paying out of money, especially from a fund or on behalf of a client.","e":"The solicitor's bill listed the fee separately from disbursements such as court charges.","t":"Accounting","x":["Linguaskill Business","TOEIC"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"sundry","p":"adj","i":"ˈsʌndri","d":"Describing miscellaneous items of minor individual value that are grouped together.","e":"Small unclassified receipts were posted to a sundry income account.","t":"Accounting","x":["TOEIC"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"EBITDA","p":"n","i":"","d":"Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation, used as a proxy for operating profitability.","e":"Investors focus on EBITDA because it strips out financing and accounting choices to show the core performance.","t":"Accounting","x":["Linguaskill Business"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"expediting","p":"n","i":"ˈekspɪdaɪtɪŋ","d":"The active chasing of orders to accelerate delivery and avert shortages or late completion.","e":"Constant expediting of late components is a symptom that our planning is fundamentally out of control.","t":"Operations & supply chain","x":["TOEIC"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"de-scope","p":"v","i":"","d":"To remove features or work from a project's agreed scope, usually to protect the deadline or budget.","e":"If we de-scope the reporting module, we can still launch on time.","t":"Project management","x":["Linguaskill Business"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"remediation","p":"n","i":"rɪˌmiːdiˈeɪʃn̩","d":"The corrective work undertaken to fix a defect, gap or non-compliance identified during a project.","e":"The audit flagged three control gaps, and the remediation plan gives us six weeks to close them.","t":"Project management","x":["Linguaskill Business"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"attrition","p":"n","i":"","d":"The gradual loss of staff through resignation, retirement, or other departures that are not immediately replaced.","e":"We managed to reduce headcount through natural attrition rather than layoffs.","t":"Human resources","x":["Linguaskill Business"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"amortisation","p":"n","i":"əˌmɔːtaɪˈzeɪʃən","d":"The systematic writing-off of the cost of an intangible asset over its useful economic life.","e":"The amortisation of the acquired patent is charged evenly across its ten-year legal term.","t":"Accounting","x":["Linguaskill Business"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"kitting","p":"n","i":"ˈkɪtɪŋ","d":"The grouping of separate components into a single ready-to-use kit ahead of assembly or dispatch.","e":"Pre-kitting the fasteners means the line workers never have to leave the station hunting for parts.","t":"Operations & supply chain","x":["TOEIC"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"cross-docking","p":"n","i":"","d":"A logistics practice where incoming goods are transferred straight to outbound transport with little or no storage.","e":"Cross-docking lets us move perishables from lorry to lorry without ever touching a shelf.","t":"Advanced English","x":["TOEIC"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"high-potential","p":"adj","i":"haɪ pəˈtenʃəl","d":"Describing an employee judged capable of rising to significantly more senior roles.","e":"She was flagged as high-potential and fast-tracked onto the leadership programme.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"indemnify","p":"v","i":"ɪnˈdɛmnɪfaɪ","d":"To compensate a party for a loss or to secure them against future liability.","e":"The policy indemnifies the directors against legal costs arising from claims made in their official capacity.","t":"Insurance & risk","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"intermodal","p":"adj","i":"ˌɪntəˈməʊdl","d":"Relating to freight moved in the same container across two or more modes of transport without handling the goods themselves.","e":"Switching the long leg to intermodal rail cut both our emissions and our per-mile cost.","t":"Operations & supply chain","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"magnanimous","p":"adj","i":"mæɡˈnænɪməs","d":"Generous or forgiving, especially towards a weaker party or former rival.","e":"Having won the key point, she was magnanimous about the minor concessions that followed.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"malfeasance","p":"n","i":"mælˈfiːzəns","d":"The commission of an unlawful or wrongful act, especially by a person in a position of trust.","e":"The former treasurer faced charges of malfeasance for diverting company funds to a shell entity.","t":"Corporate governance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"parley","p":"n","i":"ˈpɑːli","d":"A conference between opposing sides to discuss terms, especially of a dispute.","e":"A brief parley on neutral ground restarted communication after the walkout.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"proximate","p":"adj","i":"ˈprɒksɪmət","d":"Describing the dominant, effective cause of a loss that determines whether a policy responds.","e":"The court held that storm, not the pre-existing defect, was the proximate cause of the collapse.","t":"Insurance & risk","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"rapprochement","p":"n","i":"ræˈprɒʃmɒ̃","d":"The re-establishment of cordial relations after a period of dispute.","e":"Quiet back-channel talks produced a rapprochement that reopened the joint venture.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"renege","p":"v","i":"rɪˈniːɡ","d":"To go back on a promise, commitment or agreed term.","e":"They reneged on the verbal understanding once the written contract was drafted.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"reversion","p":"n","i":"rɪˈvɜːʃən","d":"The residual right of an owner to retake possession of property once a lease or lesser interest ends.","e":"With only a short lease outstanding, the freeholder's reversion was the more valuable asset.","t":"Real estate & property","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"socialise","p":"v","i":"ˈsəʊʃəlaɪz","d":"To share an idea or recommendation informally with stakeholders in advance to build support and avoid surprises.","e":"Let's socialise the reorg proposal with each function head before the steerco.","t":"Consulting","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"subordination","p":"n","i":"səˌbɔːdɪˈneɪʃn","d":"The ranking of a claim below others, meaning subordinated creditors are repaid only after senior creditors in an insolvency.","e":"The intercreditor agreement set out the subordination of the mezzanine lenders to the senior tranche.","t":"Corporate finance","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"contrarian","p":"adj","i":"kənˈtrɛəriən","d":"Deliberately going against prevailing opinion in the expectation that the crowd is wrong.","e":"Their contrarian bet on physical stores paid off just as everyone else fled to the internet.","t":"Strategy","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"dereliction","p":"n","i":"ˌdɛrɪˈlɪkʃən","d":"The state of a property being abandoned and left in a ruinous condition.","e":"Years of dereliction had left the mill roofless, though its riverside plot remained highly developable.","t":"Real estate & property","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"distributive","p":"adj","i":"dɪˈstrɪbjʊtɪv","d":"Relating to bargaining in which a fixed value is divided so one side's gain is the other's loss.","e":"A purely distributive stance over the fee left no room to enlarge the overall deal.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"ideation","p":"n","i":"ˌaɪdiˈeɪʃən","d":"The structured process of generating and developing new business ideas.","e":"The weekend hackathon was pure ideation, producing forty concepts before any were tested.","t":"Entrepreneurship & startups","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"laissez-faire","p":"adj","i":"","d":"Advocating that the economy works best when the state refrains from intervening in markets.","e":"His laissez-faire instincts made him reluctant to bail out even systemically important banks.","t":"Economics","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"muda","p":"n","i":"ˈmuːdə","d":"In lean thinking, any activity that consumes resources but adds no value for the customer.","e":"Mapping the value stream exposed how much muda was hidden in double handling and waiting.","t":"Operations & supply chain","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"myopia","p":"n","i":"maɪˈəʊpiə","d":"A short-sighted focus on immediate results that neglects longer-term strategic threats.","e":"Marketing myopia led them to defend the product they made rather than the need customers actually had.","t":"Strategy","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"quant","p":"n","i":"kwɒnt","d":"A specialist who uses mathematical and statistical models to drive trading decisions.","e":"The firm's quants built an algorithm that traded on fleeting statistical anomalies.","t":"Advanced 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remedied.","t":"Advanced English","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"littoral","p":"adj","i":"ˈlɪtərəl","d":"Relating to or situated on the shore of a sea or lake.","e":"The resort's littoral parcels commanded premium prices for their direct beach frontage.","t":"Real estate & property","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"prescient","p":"adj","i":"ˈpresiənt","d":"Having foresight; able to anticipate developments before they occur.","e":"Her prescient call to diversify supply chains looked inspired once the crisis hit.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"abatement","p":"n","i":"əˈbeɪtmənt","d":"A reduction or suspension of rent, or the removal of a legal nuisance affecting property.","e":"Because the flooded floor was unusable, the tenant claimed an abatement of rent for the period.","t":"Real estate & property","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"acquiesce","p":"v","i":"ˌækwiˈɛs","d":"To accept or comply, often reluctantly and without protest.","e":"Rather than prolong the standoff, we acquiesced to the shorter payment window.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"bourse","p":"n","i":"bʊəs","d":"A stock exchange, especially one in continental Europe.","e":"Shares in the carmaker tumbled on the Paris bourse after the profit warning.","t":"Finance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"disengagement","p":"n","i":"ˌdɪsɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt","d":"A loss of motivation and emotional commitment to one's work and employer.","e":"Rising disengagement showed up as missed deadlines and a sharp fall in discretionary effort.","t":"Human resources","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"dishonour","p":"v","i":"dɪsˈɒnə","d":"To refuse to pay or accept a cheque or bill of exchange when it is presented.","e":"The bank dishonoured the cheque because there were insufficient funds in the account.","t":"Banking","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"forbearance","p":"n","i":"fɔːˈbeərəns","d":"A lender's agreement to reduce or temporarily suspend a borrower's repayments during a period of financial difficulty.","e":"The bank granted six months of forbearance so the struggling family could avoid repossession.","t":"Banking","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"indemnification","p":"n","i":"ɪnˌdemnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən","d":"A contractual undertaking to compensate a person, such as a director, for losses or liabilities incurred in their role.","e":"The company's bylaws provide indemnification for directors sued over decisions made in good faith.","t":"Corporate governance","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"accretion","p":"n","i":"əˈkriːʃn̩","d":"The gradual increase in value or earnings, especially the uplift to per-share earnings from an acquisition.","e":"Management justified the deal by pointing to immediate accretion in earnings per share.","t":"Finance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"ambit","p":"n","i":"ˈæmbɪt","d":"The range or sphere within which something operates or applies.","e":"Contractor welfare fell within the ambit of the new supply-chain policy.","t":"Management & organisation","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"circumspect","p":"adj","i":"ˈsɜːkəmspekt","d":"Cautious and prudent, weighing all circumstances before acting.","e":"A circumspect leader, she withheld judgement until the audit was complete.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"conciliation","p":"n","i":"kənˌsɪliˈeɪʃən","d":"A process in which a neutral party helps disputing sides reach a voluntary settlement, short of binding judgment.","e":"The parties reached a settlement through conciliation before the tribunal hearing.","t":"Human resources","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"conciliatory","p":"adj","i":"kənˈsɪliətəri","d":"Intended to placate or win goodwill and reduce hostility.","e":"Her conciliatory opening remarks defused a room that had arrived expecting a fight.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"counterparty","p":"n","i":"ˈkaʊntəpɑːti","d":"The other party to a financial transaction or contract.","e":"The bank limited its exposure to any single counterparty to contain default risk.","t":"Banking","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"duopoly","p":"n","i":"","d":"A market controlled by exactly two producers or suppliers.","e":"The aircraft market is effectively a duopoly split between the two dominant manufacturers.","t":"Economics","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"immunisation","p":"n","i":"ˌɪmjʊnaɪˈzeɪʃn̩","d":"A strategy of structuring a bond portfolio so that its value is insulated from interest-rate changes over a horizon.","e":"The pension fund pursued immunisation, matching the duration of its assets to that of its liabilities.","t":"Finance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"interstitial","p":"n","i":"ˌɪntəˈstɪʃəl","d":"A full-screen advert displayed at a natural transition point in an app or website.","e":"The intrusive interstitial boosted impressions but spiked the app's uninstall rate.","t":"Marketing","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"paternalistic","p":"adj","i":"pəˌtɜːnəˈlɪstɪk","d":"Treating subordinates in a fatherly way, providing for them while limiting their autonomy.","e":"The firm's paternalistic culture offered cradle-to-grave security but discouraged dissent.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"psychometric","p":"adj","i":"ˌsaɪkəˈmetrɪk","d":"Relating to the measurement of mental capacities, aptitudes, and personality traits, typically in selection tests.","e":"Shortlisted candidates complete a psychometric assessment before the final interview.","t":"Human resources","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"riparian","p":"adj","i":"raɪˈpɛəriən","d":"Relating to or situated on the bank of a river, and to the rights of landowners bordering it.","e":"As a riparian owner, the mill held rights to abstract water from the passing stream.","t":"Real estate & property","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"snagging","p":"n","i":"ˈsnæɡɪŋ","d":"The identification and clearing of minor defects that remain once the main work is essentially complete.","e":"The build was structurally done, but snagging the last thirty small faults took another fortnight.","t":"Project management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"specie","p":"n","i":"ˈspiːʃiː","d":"Money in the form of coin, particularly precious-metal coin, as distinct from paper currency.","e":"During the panic depositors demanded specie, draining the bank's reserves of gold.","t":"Finance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"tranche","p":"n","i":"trɑːnʃ","d":"One of several portions into which a security or loan is divided, each carrying a distinct level of risk, return, or maturity.","e":"Investors seeking safety bought the senior tranche, leaving the riskier junior tranche to yield-hungry funds.","t":"Banking","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"actuarial","p":"adj","i":"ˌæktjuˈeəriəl","d":"Relating to the statistical calculation of risk, premiums and reserves in insurance and pensions.","e":"An actuarial review revealed that the scheme's liabilities had been badly underestimated.","t":"Finance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"arbitrage","p":"n","i":"","d":"The practice of exploiting price differences for the same asset in different markets to earn a near risk-free profit.","e":"Traders spotted a fleeting arbitrage between the two exchanges and closed the gap within seconds.","t":"Economics","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"attestation","p":"n","i":"ˌætesˈteɪʃən","d":"A practitioner's formal declaration that assertions made by another party are fairly stated.","e":"The engagement was an attestation of management's assessment of internal controls.","t":"Accounting","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"beachhead","p":"n","i":"ˈbiːtʃhed","d":"A narrow initial market a startup captures before expanding outward.","e":"They chose dentists as their beachhead, dominating that niche before targeting other clinics.","t":"Entrepreneurship & startups","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"brinkmanship","p":"n","i":"ˈbrɪŋkmənʃɪp","d":"The tactic of pushing a confrontation to the edge of failure to force the other side to concede.","e":"His brinkmanship nearly collapsed the merger before both boards blinked at the last minute.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"co-opt","p":"v","i":"kəʊˈɒpt","d":"To appoint someone to a body without a formal election by its existing members.","e":"The board voted to co-opt a cybersecurity expert to fill the casual vacancy until the next meeting.","t":"Corporate governance","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"conveyance","p":"n","i":"kənˈveɪəns","d":"The legal transfer of title to real property from one party to another, or the document that effects it.","e":"Completion of the conveyance was delayed until the outstanding local searches were returned.","t":"Real estate & property","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"cost-to-serve","p":"n","i":"","d":"The full cost of supplying a particular customer, channel or product once all activities are allocated.","e":"On a true cost-to-serve basis, a third of their accounts are loss-making.","t":"Consulting","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"defensibility","p":"n","i":"dɪˌfensəˈbɪləti","d":"The degree to which a business can protect its market position from competitors.","e":"Investors questioned the startup's defensibility, since rivals could clone the feature in weeks.","t":"Entrepreneurship & startups","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"directorship","p":"n","i":"dɪˈrektəʃɪp","d":"The office or position of being a director of a company.","e":"Holding six concurrent directorships raised concerns that he could not devote adequate time to any.","t":"Corporate governance","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"discernment","p":"n","i":"dɪˈsɜːnmənt","d":"The ability to judge well and perceive subtle distinctions.","e":"Hiring at the top demands discernment that a checklist can never supply.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"fungible","p":"adj","i":"ˈfʌndʒəbl","d":"Describing an asset each unit of which is interchangeable with any other identical unit.","e":"Because the grain is fungible, it is valued on a weighted-average basis rather than by lot.","t":"Accounting","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"inelastic","p":"adj","i":"","d":"Of demand or supply, changing only slightly in response to a change in price.","e":"Because demand for insulin is highly inelastic, patients keep buying it however far the price rises.","t":"Economics","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"netting","p":"n","i":"ˈnetɪŋ","d":"The offsetting of mutual amounts owed between parties to arrive at a single net figure.","e":"Netting the intercompany balances reduced dozens of transfers to one settlement.","t":"Accounting","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"probity","p":"n","i":"ˈprəʊbəti","d":"Complete honesty and integrity, especially in the conduct of office.","e":"The chair was appointed as much for her reputation for probity as for her commercial acumen.","t":"Corporate governance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"rescind","p":"v","i":"rɪˈsɪnd","d":"To revoke, cancel or annul an offer, agreement or decision.","e":"The buyer rescinded the offer after due diligence revealed undisclosed liabilities.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"restatement","p":"n","i":"riːˈsteɪtmənt","d":"The revision of previously issued financial statements to correct a material error.","e":"The discovery of misclassified costs led to an embarrassing restatement of last year's profit.","t":"Accounting","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"stratagem","p":"n","i":"ˈstrætədʒəm","d":"A carefully devised scheme or trick for outmanoeuvring an opponent.","e":"Splitting the agenda into small wins was a deliberate stratagem to build momentum.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"surety","p":"n","i":"ˈʃʊərəti","d":"A person who assumes responsibility for another's debt or obligation, or the pledge given as security.","e":"The contractor had to provide a surety before the bank would issue the performance bond.","t":"Banking","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"write-down","p":"n","i":"ˈraɪtdaʊn","d":"A reduction in the book value of an asset to reflect its diminished worth.","e":"Falling commodity prices triggered a write-down of the unsold inventory.","t":"Accounting","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"cede","p":"v","i":"siːd","d":"To transfer all or part of an insured risk to a reinsurer.","e":"The insurer ceded half of the aviation portfolio to spread its potential losses.","t":"Insurance & risk","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"collegial","p":"adj","i":"kəˈliːdʒiəl","d":"Marked by shared responsibility and mutual respect among colleagues of equal standing.","e":"A collegial leadership team debated fiercely in private but spoke with one voice outside.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"decommissioning","p":"n","i":"ˌdiːkəˈmɪʃənɪŋ","d":"The controlled retirement of a system, service or asset once it is no longer needed.","e":"Decommissioning the legacy platform freed up a licence bill that had quietly become the biggest line item.","t":"Project management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"deferential","p":"adj","i":"ˌdefəˈrenʃəl","d":"Showing respectful submission to the judgement or authority of another.","e":"A culture too deferential to seniority can silence the very people closest to the customer.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"granularity","p":"n","i":"ˌɡrænjʊˈlærəti","d":"The level of detail at which data is recorded or aggregated.","e":"We need event-level granularity, not daily totals, to debug where the funnel leaks.","t":"Data & analytics","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"hysteresis","p":"n","i":"","d":"The persistence of an economic effect, such as elevated unemployment, after the cause that produced it has gone.","e":"Because of hysteresis, a deep recession can leave joblessness permanently higher even after recovery.","t":"Economics","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"interlocutor","p":"n","i":"ˌɪntəˈlɒkjʊtə","d":"A person one negotiates or converses with, especially as a designated counterpart.","e":"Establishing a single senior interlocutor stopped the other side from playing us off.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"purview","p":"n","i":"ˈpɜːvjuː","d":"The scope of one's authority, responsibility or concern.","e":"Approving capital expenditure above a million pounds lies within the board's purview.","t":"Management & organisation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"rebuff","p":"v","i":"rɪˈbʌf","d":"To reject an offer, request or approach abruptly or ungraciously.","e":"Our first overture was flatly rebuffed, but a quieter channel later reopened it.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"retrenchment","p":"n","i":"rɪˈtrentʃmənt","d":"A reduction in costs or scale, typically involving staff cuts, to restore financial stability.","e":"A period of retrenchment saw the firm shed two divisions and a fifth of its workforce.","t":"Management & organisation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"slotting","p":"n","i":"ˈslɒtɪŋ","d":"The assignment of products to specific storage locations in a warehouse to minimise picking effort.","e":"Re-slotting the fastest movers to the golden zone cut average pick times by a quarter.","t":"Operations & supply chain","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"bellwether","p":"n","i":"ˈbɛlwɛðə","d":"A security or company whose performance is treated as a leading indicator for a wider market.","e":"The chipmaker is a bellwether whose guidance moves the entire technology sector.","t":"Advanced 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loss.","t":"Banking","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"tare","p":"n","i":"teə","d":"The weight of packaging or a container, deducted from the gross weight to give the net weight of goods.","e":"The freight invoice was wrong because the carrier had forgotten to subtract the tare.","t":"Operations & supply chain","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"underpinning","p":"n","i":"ˌʌndəˈpɪnɪŋ","d":"The strengthening or deepening of a building's foundations, often to remedy subsidence.","e":"Extensive underpinning was required before the lender would advance funds on the cracked terrace.","t":"Real estate & property","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"capitulation","p":"n","i":"kəˌpɪtjʊˈleɪʃən","d":"A phase of panicked, wholesale selling that often marks the exhaustion of a market decline.","e":"The volume spike smelt of capitulation, and contrarians began quietly accumulating shares.","t":"Advanced English","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"de-risk","p":"v","i":"diːˈrɪsk","d":"To take deliberate action that reduces the likelihood or impact of a threat to a project.","e":"We de-risked the migration by running a full dress rehearsal against a copy of production first.","t":"Project management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"dearth","p":"n","i":"","d":"A scarcity or shortage of something, especially of a commodity or resource.","e":"A dearth of skilled engineers is holding back the sector's expansion plans.","t":"Economics","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"divestiture","p":"n","i":"daɪˈvestɪtʃə","d":"The disposal of a business unit or asset through sale, spin-off or closure.","e":"Under investor pressure, the board approved the divestiture of the loss-making chemicals arm.","t":"Corporate governance","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"echelon","p":"n","i":"ˈeʃəlɒn","d":"A distinct tier or stocking level within a multi-stage distribution network.","e":"Holding safety stock at only the upper echelon freed up working capital across the regional depots.","t":"Operations & supply chain","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"fiefdom","p":"n","i":"ˈfiːfdəm","d":"A domain over which a manager exercises jealously guarded, quasi-autonomous control.","e":"Each regional head ran his division like a personal fiefdom, resisting central oversight.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"hubris","p":"n","i":"ˈhjuːbrɪs","d":"Excessive self-confidence that leads a firm to overreach and ignore warning signs.","e":"Corporate hubris after a decade of success blinded the board to the threat until it was fatal.","t":"Strategy","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"idiosyncratic","p":"adj","i":"ˌɪdiəsɪŋˈkrætɪk","d":"Specific to one particular risk or entity and largely uncorrelated with wider market movements.","e":"Idiosyncratic risks such as a single factory fire can be diversified away across a large book.","t":"Insurance & risk","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"illiquid","p":"adj","i":"ɪˈlɪkwɪd","d":"Not easily convertible into cash without a substantial loss in value.","e":"Much of the fund was locked in illiquid private holdings that could not be sold quickly.","t":"Advanced English","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"indemnity","p":"n","i":"ɪnˈdemnɪti","d":"A contractual undertaking to compensate another party for a specified loss or liability.","e":"The bank required a letter of indemnity before releasing the goods without the original documents.","t":"Banking","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"intransigent","p":"adj","i":"ɪnˈtrænsɪdʒənt","d":"Refusing to compromise or abandon an entrenched position.","e":"Both sides remained intransigent, and the negotiation collapsed into stalemate.","t":"Leadership & management","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"lowball","p":"v","i":"ˈləʊbɔːl","d":"To make a deliberately low offer as an opening tactic.","e":"They lowballed the valuation, expecting us to anchor our counter upwards from it.","t":"Negotiation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"peppercorn","p":"n","i":"ˈpɛpəkɔːn","d":"A nominal rent or consideration used to make a lease or contract legally binding.","e":"The charity held the hall on a 99-year lease at a peppercorn rent of one 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could still meet claims after the run of storm losses.","t":"Insurance & risk","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"sequestration","p":"n","i":"","d":"The automatic across-the-board cut in government spending triggered when statutory budget limits are breached.","e":"Failure to agree a deal set off an indiscriminate sequestration of federal programmes.","t":"Economics","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"factoring","p":"n","i":"ˈfæktərɪŋ","d":"The sale of a company's trade receivables to a third party at a discount in exchange for immediate cash.","e":"To ease its cash flow the exporter turned to factoring, selling its invoices at a small discount.","t":"Banking","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"indexation","p":"n","i":"","d":"The linking of wages, pensions or taxes to a price index so that they rise automatically with inflation.","e":"Automatic indexation of pensions protects retirees but can entrench an inflationary spiral.","t":"Economics","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"stowage","p":"n","i":"ˈstəʊɪdʒ","d":"The arrangement of cargo within a vessel or container to make best use of space and maintain stability.","e":"Careful stowage let us fit an extra hundred cartons into each container.","t":"Operations & supply chain","x":[],"l":"C2"},{"w":"apportion","p":"v","i":"əˈpɔːʃn","d":"To divide and allocate something proportionally among recipients.","e":"Overheads are apportioned to each division according to floor space.","t":"Management & organisation","x":[],"l":"C1"},{"w":"betterment","p":"n","i":"ˈbɛtəmənt","d":"An increase in a property's value resulting from public works or improvements rather than the owner's own effort.","e":"The new railway station produced a betterment in surrounding land values that the council sought to capture.","t":"Real estate & property","x":[],"l":"C1"}],"exam":[{"w":"antecedent","p":"n","i":"ˌæntɪˈsiːdənt","d":"A thing or event that comes before and often gives rise to another.","e":"The report traces the intellectual antecedents of the movement.","t":"Advanced 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parties after a period of hostility.","e":"The unexpected rapprochement between the two capitals was signalled by the resumption of ambassadorial contacts.","t":"Advanced English","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"rebut","p":"v","i":"rɪˈbʌt","d":"To argue that a claim or accusation is false, typically by presenting counter-evidence.","e":"The discussion section rebuts three common objections to the model.","t":"Advanced English","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency","GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"reverie","p":"n","i":"ˈrɛvəri","d":"A state of being pleasantly lost in one's thoughts; a daydream.","e":"The sudden ring of the telephone jolted her out of her reverie.","t":"Emotion & the inner life","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"sardonic","p":"adj","i":"sɑːˈdɒnɪk","d":"Grimly mocking or cynical in a scornful, often bitter way.","e":"She met the excuse with a sardonic smile that made further lying pointless.","t":"Cambridge C1 Advanced","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"scintillating","p":"adj","i":"ˈsɪntɪleɪtɪŋ","d":"Sparkling or shining with flashes of light.","e":"Frost lay over the meadow in a scintillating sheet of tiny crystals.","t":"Beauty & the senses","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"variegated","p":"adj","i":"ˈvɛərɪɡeɪtɪd","d":"Marked with irregular patches or streaks of different colours.","e":"The variegated leaves of the wild ivy were streaked with cream and green.","t":"Nature & senses","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"delineate","p":"v","i":"dɪˈlɪnieɪt","d":"To describe or define something precisely, marking out its boundaries.","e":"The introduction carefully delineates the scope of the investigation.","t":"Advanced English","x":["IELTS","TOEFL"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"epistemic","p":"adj","i":"ˌɛpɪˈstiːmɪk","d":"Relating to knowledge or to the degree to which a belief is justified.","e":"The uncertainty here is epistemic, reflecting our ignorance rather than any genuine randomness.","t":"Science & 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analysis than a blistering polemic against the reforms.","t":"Persuasion & rhetoric","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"proviso","p":"n","i":"prəˈvaɪzəʊ","d":"A condition or stipulation attached to an agreement or statement.","e":"The claim holds, with the proviso that measurement error is negligible.","t":"Advanced English","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"recalcitrant","p":"adj","i":"rɪˈkælsɪtrənt","d":"Stubbornly resistant to authority, discipline or control.","e":"A handful of recalcitrant members refused to accept the committee's ruling.","t":"Cambridge C1 Advanced","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"timbre","p":"n","i":"ˈtæmbə","d":"The distinctive tonal quality that distinguishes one voice or instrument from another.","e":"You could recognise the cello's warm timbre even in the fullest passages.","t":"Beauty & the senses","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"axiomatic","p":"adj","i":"ˌæksiəˈmætɪk","d":"Self-evidently true and requiring no 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and vanity.","t":"Literature & the arts","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"chauvinism","p":"n","i":"ˈʃəʊvɪnɪzəm","d":"Aggressive and unreasonable belief in the superiority of one's own group.","e":"Wartime propaganda stoked a crude national chauvinism.","t":"Society & power","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"cogent","p":"adj","i":"ˈkəʊdʒənt","d":"Clear, logical and convincing in a way that compels acceptance.","e":"She makes a cogent case for abandoning the outdated taxonomy.","t":"Advanced English","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency","GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"coterie","p":"n","i":"ˈkəʊtəri","d":"A small, exclusive circle of people with shared interests.","e":"Access to the leader was controlled by a coterie of trusted advisers.","t":"Society & power","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"demagogue","p":"n","i":"ˈdɛməɡɒɡ","d":"A leader who wins support by appealing to people's emotions and prejudices rather than reason.","e":"Crowds adored him, but critics saw a dangerous demagogue exploiting their grievances.","t":"Persuasion & rhetoric","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"elucidate","p":"v","i":"ɪˈluːsɪdeɪt","d":"To make something clear by explaining it in greater detail.","e":"A worked example elucidates the otherwise opaque derivation.","t":"Advanced English","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency","GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"empiricism","p":"n","i":"ɛmˈpɪrɪsɪz(ə)m","d":"The theory that knowledge derives primarily from sensory experience rather than innate reason.","e":"British empiricism insisted that the mind begins as a blank slate written on by experience.","t":"Philosophy & ideas","x":["TOEFL"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"forbearance","p":"n","i":"fɔːˈbɛərəns","d":"Patient self-control and tolerance, especially in refraining from retaliation or complaint.","e":"The teacher's forbearance with a disruptive class won her their eventual respect.","t":"Character & virtue","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"heuristic","p":"adj","i":"hjʊˈrɪstɪk","d":"Serving to guide discovery or problem-solving through practical, approximate methods.","e":"The typology is offered as a heuristic device, not a rigid classification.","t":"Advanced English","x":["IELTS","TOEFL"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"mettle","p":"n","i":"ˈmɛtəl","d":"A person's ability to cope courageously with difficulty; spirit and resilience.","e":"The crisis tested the mettle of every manager on the team.","t":"Character & virtue","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"polemical","p":"adj","i":"pəˈlemɪkəl","d":"Strongly critical or controversial in attacking an opinion or position.","e":"The pamphlet is polemical rather than dispassionately analytical.","t":"Advanced English","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"saccharine","p":"adj","i":"ˈsækərɪn","d":"Excessively or cloyingly sweet, often unpleasantly so.","e":"The dessert was so saccharine that a single spoonful was enough.","t":"Beauty & the senses","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"bucolic","p":"adj","i":"bjuːˈkɒlɪk","d":"Relating to the pleasant, 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ones.","e":"She was adroit at defusing arguments before they turned personal.","t":"Cambridge C1 (part 2)","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"alluvial","p":"adj","i":"əˈluːvɪəl","d":"Relating to fine, fertile sediment deposited by flowing water.","e":"The rich alluvial soil of the floodplain yielded abundant crops each year.","t":"Nature & senses","x":["TOEFL"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"decorum","p":"n","i":"dɪˈkɔːrəm","d":"Dignified, proper behaviour that is appropriate to a situation.","e":"Even amid the shouting, the chairwoman maintained an unruffled decorum.","t":"Character & virtue","x":["Cambridge C1 Advanced","Michigan ECPE"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"germane","p":"adj","i":"dʒɜːˈmeɪn","d":"Relevant and closely connected to the matter under discussion.","e":"Only two of the cited studies are germane to the present question.","t":"Advanced English","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency","GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"lacuna","p":"n","i":"ləˈkjuːnə","d":"A gap or missing part, especially in an argument, text or body of knowledge.","e":"This paper addresses a notable lacuna in the empirical literature.","t":"Advanced English","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"largesse","p":"n","i":"lɑːˈʒɛs","d":"Generosity in giving, especially of money, on a lavish scale.","e":"The scholarships were funded entirely by the founder's largesse.","t":"Character & virtue","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"quixotic","p":"adj","i":"kwɪkˈsɒtɪk","d":"Extremely idealistic and impractical, pursuing lofty goals with little regard for feasibility.","e":"His quixotic plan to abolish traffic in the city centre won admiration but little support.","t":"Cambridge C1 Advanced","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"veneration","p":"n","i":"ˌvɛnəˈreɪʃən","d":"Great respect and reverence, often approaching worship.","e":"The poet is held in such veneration that his birthplace has become a national shrine.","t":"Emotion & the inner life","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"acumen","p":"n","i":"ˈækjʊmən","d":"The ability to make good judgements and quick decisions.","e":"Her financial acumen turned a struggling shop into a thriving chain.","t":"Advanced English","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"bellicose","p":"adj","i":"ˈbɛlɪkəʊs","d":"Demonstrating aggression and a readiness to fight.","e":"The minister's bellicose rhetoric alarmed allies who had hoped for a diplomatic solution.","t":"GRE Verbal (part 2)","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"cloying","p":"adj","i":"ˈklɔɪɪŋ","d":"Disgustingly or excessively sweet or rich.","e":"The cloying scent of the overblown lilies soon became overpowering indoors.","t":"Nature & senses","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"credulous","p":"adj","i":"ˈkredjʊləs","d":"Too ready to believe things; easily deceived.","e":"Credulous investors poured money into a scheme with no real product.","t":"Advanced English","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"dearth","p":"n","i":"dɜːθ","d":"A scarcity or lack of something, frequently cited when identifying a gap in the literature.","e":"Despite widespread interest, there remains a dearth of empirical work on the topic.","t":"Academic writing","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency","GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"disenfranchise","p":"v","i":"ˌdɪsɪnˈfræntʃaɪz","d":"To deprive someone of a right, especially the right to vote.","e":"The new identification rules effectively disenfranchised thousands of poorer citizens.","t":"Society & power","x":["IELTS"],"l":"C1"},{"w":"equivocation","p":"n","i":"ɪˌkwɪvəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n","d":"The use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself.","e":"The minister's answer was a study in equivocation, appearing to promise everything while pledging nothing.","t":"Thought & rhetoric","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"immanent","p":"adj","i":"ˈɪmənənt","d":"Existing or operating within, inherent to the world rather than transcending it.","e":"Pantheism holds that the divine is immanent in nature rather than standing above it.","t":"Philosophy & ideas","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"indolent","p":"adj","i":"ˈɪndələnt","d":"Habitually disinclined to exert oneself; lazy.","e":"His indolent nature meant that brilliant ideas rarely became finished work.","t":"Advanced English","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"intransigent","p":"adj","i":"ɪnˈtransɪdʒ(ə)nt","d":"Unwilling to change one's views or to agree about something.","e":"Negotiations collapsed because both sides proved wholly intransigent.","t":"GRE Verbal","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency","GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"irascible","p":"adj","i":"ɪˈræsɪbəl","d":"Easily provoked to anger; quick-tempered.","e":"The old professor was brilliant but notoriously irascible, snapping at anyone who arrived late.","t":"Emotion & the inner life","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"miasma","p":"n","i":"miˈæzmə","d":"A thick, unpleasant or unhealthy vapour, atmosphere or smell.","e":"A miasma of stale smoke and spilt beer hung over the empty bar.","t":"Beauty & the senses","x":["GRE Verbal"],"l":"C2"},{"w":"obfuscate","p":"v","i":"ˈɒbfʌskeɪt","d":"To make something obscure, unclear or unintelligible, often deliberately.","e":"The jargon-laden statement seemed designed to obfuscate rather than inform.","t":"Cambridge C1 Advanced","x":["Cambridge C2 Proficiency","GRE Verbal"],"l":"C1"}]}